世界衛生組織（英語：World Health Organization，縮寫為WHO），中文簡稱為世衛組織或世衛，是聯合國專門機構之一，為世界最大的政府間公共衛生組織，總部設於瑞士日內瓦。根據《世界衛生組織組織法》，世界衛生組織的宗旨是「使世界各地的人們盡可能獲得高水準的健康。」該組織給健康下的定義為「身體、精神及社會生活中的完美狀態」。世界衛生組織的主要職能包括：促進流行病和地方病的防治；提供和改進公共衛生，疾病醫療和有關事項的教學與訓練；推動確定生物製品的國際標準。截至2019年，世界衛生組織共有194個成員國。
The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health. The WHO Constitution states its main objective as “the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health”. Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, it has six regional offices and 150 field offices worldwide.
Prompt: Elaborate W.H.O.世界衛生組織. It’s history, functions and influence.
#DeepSeek-AI gives the following answer:
**世界衛生組織（WHO）** 是聯合國的一個專門機構，負責國際公共衛生事務。成立於1948年，WHO在對抗疾病、改善全球衛生系統以及應對衛生緊急事件方面發揮著關鍵作用。以下是其歷史、功能和影響的詳細說明：
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### **WHO的歷史**
1. **起源**：
– WHO於 **1948年4月7日** 成立，當時由26個成員國批准了其憲章。這一天現在被定為每年的 **世界衛生日**。
– 其成立背景是第二次世界大戰後對全球衛生組織的需求，以及早期衛生組織（如 **國際聯盟衛生組織**）的失敗。
2. **早期階段**：
– WHO最初專注於對抗 **瘧疾**、**結核病** 和 **天花** 等傳染病，並致力於改善衛生條件、營養以及母嬰健康。
– 其最早的成就之一是 **全球天花根除計劃**，該計劃於1980年成功根除天花，這是人類首次成功根除的疾病。
3. **擴展與現代化**：
– 幾十年來，WHO擴大了其工作範圍，涵蓋非傳染性疾病、心理健康、環境衛生以及衛生系統的強化。
– 它在應對全球衛生危機（如 **HIV/AIDS 疫情**、**伊波拉疫情** 和 **COVID-19 疫情**）中也發揮了關鍵作用。
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### **WHO的功能**
WHO的主要功能在其憲章中有所概述，包括：
1. **全球衛生領導**：
– WHO制定全球衛生標準，為各國提供技術援助，並協調國際應對衛生挑戰的努力。
2. **疾病預防與控制**：
– 它領導根除或控制疾病（如小兒麻痺症、瘧疾和結核病）的運動。
– WHO還通過其 **全球疫情警報與反應網絡（GOARN）** 監測並應對傳染病爆發。
3. **衛生系統強化**：
– WHO支持各國建立強大的衛生系統，確保基本藥物的可及性，並培訓醫療工作者。
4. **研究與發展**：
– WHO促進對疾病、疫苗和治療的研究，並推動科學知識和數據的共享。
5. **衛生緊急應對**：
– WHO通過其 **衛生緊急計劃** 協調全球對衛生緊急事件（如疫情和自然災害）的應對。
6. **政策與倡導**：
– WHO制定基於證據的衛生政策，並倡導全民健康覆蓋（UHC）和健康公平。
7. **監測與報告**：
– WHO收集和分析全球衛生數據，發布如 **世界衛生統計** 和 **全球衛生觀察站** 等報告。
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### **WHO的影響**
1. **全球衛生治理**：
– WHO是全球衛生的主要權威機構，制定國際衛生政策和法規，如 **國際衛生條例（IHR）**。
2. **疾病根除與控制**：
– WHO的努力取得了重大成就，包括根除天花和幾乎根除小兒麻痺症。
3. **健康公平**：
– WHO倡導健康作為一項人權，致力於減少醫療可及性和結果的不平等。
4. **危機應對**：
– WHO在協調全球應對衛生危機（如COVID-19疫情）中發揮核心作用，儘管其有效性有時受到批評。
5. **合作夥伴關係**：
– WHO與政府、非政府組織及其他機構（如 **Gavi（疫苗聯盟）** 和 **全球基金**）合作，以實現其目標。
6. **挑戰與批評**：
– WHO在應對某些危機（如2014年伊波拉疫情）時受到批評，並在COVID-19疫情期間被認為受到政治影響。
– 資金限制以及對成員國和私人捐贈者的依賴也影響了其運作。
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### **主要成就**
– **根除天花（1980年）**：WHO最著名的成就。
– **小兒麻痺症減少**：自1988年以來，病例減少了99%以上。
– **煙草控制框架公約（2003年）**：一項減少煙草使用的里程碑條約。
– **COVID-19應對**：WHO在疫情期間協調了全球研究、疫苗分配和公共衛生指南。
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### **結論**
WHO仍然是全球衛生的基石，應對長期和新興的衛生挑戰。儘管面臨批評和挑戰，其在制定衛生政策、對抗疾病和應對危機方面的作用不可或缺。隨著世界繼續應對健康不平等和新威脅，WHO確保「所有人達到最高可能的健康水平」的使命依然至關重要。
The **World Health Organization (WHO)** is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health. Established in 1948, the WHO plays a critical role in combating diseases, improving global health systems, and addressing health emergencies. Below is an elaboration on its history, functions, and influence:
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### **History of the WHO**
1. **Origins**:
– The WHO was founded on **April 7, 1948**, following the ratification of its constitution by 26 member states. This date is now celebrated annually as **World Health Day**.
– Its creation was influenced by the need for a global health organization after the devastation of World War II and the failure of earlier health organizations like the **League of Nations Health Organization**.
2. **Early Years**:
– The WHO initially focused on combating infectious diseases such as **malaria**, **tuberculosis**, and **smallpox**. It also worked to improve sanitation, nutrition, and maternal and child health.
– One of its earliest successes was the **Global Smallpox Eradication Program**, which led to the eradication of smallpox in 1980, the first disease to be eradicated by human effort.
3. **Expansion and Modernization**:
– Over the decades, the WHO expanded its scope to address non-communicable diseases, mental health, environmental health, and health systems strengthening.
– It has also played a key role in responding to global health crises, such as the **HIV/AIDS pandemic**, **Ebola outbreaks**, and the **COVID-19 pandemic**.
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### **Functions of the WHO**
The WHO’s primary functions are outlined in its constitution and include:
1. **Leadership in Global Health**:
– The WHO sets global health standards, provides technical assistance to countries, and coordinates international efforts to address health challenges.
2. **Disease Prevention and Control**:
– It leads campaigns to eradicate or control diseases like polio, malaria, and tuberculosis.
– The WHO also monitors and responds to outbreaks of infectious diseases through its **Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN)**.
3. **Health Systems Strengthening**:
– The WHO supports countries in building robust health systems, ensuring access to essential medicines, and training healthcare workers.
4. **Research and Development**:
– The WHO promotes research on diseases, vaccines, and treatments. It also facilitates the sharing of scientific knowledge and data.
5. **Health Emergency Response**:
– The WHO coordinates global responses to health emergencies, such as pandemics and natural disasters, through its **Health Emergencies Programme**.
6. **Policy and Advocacy**:
– The WHO develops evidence-based health policies and advocates for universal health coverage (UHC) and health equity.
7. **Monitoring and Reporting**:
– The WHO collects and analyzes global health data, publishing reports like the **World Health Statistics** and the **Global Health Observatory**.
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### **Influence of the WHO**
1. **Global Health Governance**:
– The WHO is the leading authority on global health, shaping international health policies and regulations, such as the **International Health Regulations (IHR)**.
2. **Disease Eradication and Control**:
– The WHO’s efforts have led to significant achievements, including the eradication of smallpox and near-eradication of polio.
3. **Health Equity**:
– The WHO advocates for health as a human right, working to reduce disparities in healthcare access and outcomes.
4. **Crisis Response**:
– The WHO plays a central role in coordinating global responses to health crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, though its effectiveness has sometimes been criticized.
5. **Partnerships**:
– The WHO collaborates with governments, NGOs, and other organizations, such as **Gavi** (the Vaccine Alliance) and the **Global Fund**, to achieve its goals.
6. **Challenges and Criticisms**:
– The WHO has faced criticism for its handling of certain crises, such as the slow response to the 2014 Ebola outbreak and perceived political influences during the COVID-19 pandemic.
– Funding constraints and reliance on voluntary contributions from member states and private donors have also impacted its operations.
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### **Key Achievements**
– **Smallpox Eradication (1980)**: The WHO’s most celebrated success.
– **Polio Reduction**: Cases have decreased by over 99% since 1988.
– **Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (2003)**: A landmark treaty to reduce tobacco use.
– **COVID-19 Response**: The WHO coordinated global research, vaccine distribution, and public health guidelines during the pandemic.
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### **Conclusion**
The WHO remains a cornerstone of global health, addressing both longstanding and emerging health challenges. While it faces criticism and challenges, its role in shaping health policies, combating diseases, and responding to crises is indispensable. As the world continues to grapple with health inequities and new threats, the WHO’s mission to ensure “the highest possible level of health for all people” remains as vital as ever.